The Age of Exploration and Colonial Conquests

The Age of Exploration (15th to 17th centuries) marked a dramatic intensification of the battle for gold, as European powers sought new lands rich in resources.

  • Spanish Conquests in the Americas
    Perhaps the most famous example is the Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires. Driven by a thirst for gold and silver, conquistadors like Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro toppled sophisticated indigenous civilizations.


  • Economic Motivations Behind Colonization
    The extraction of precious metals and establishment of trade monopolies fueled the wealth of European monarchies and merchants. Colonies became vital sources of raw materials and markets, sparking fierce competition.



The Role of Mercantilism and Trade Wars


The rise of mercantilism — the economic theory emphasizing state control of trade and accumulation of wealth — intensified conflicts over commercial dominance.

  • Anglo-Dutch Wars (17th century)
    Naval conflicts between England and the Dutch Republic fought over control of trade routes and colonies, reflecting how economic interests could drive protracted warfare.


  • The Seven Years’ War (1756–1763)
    Often called the first "world war," this conflict was fueled by colonial rivalries among European powers competing for territorial and economic supremacy in North America, India, and elsewhere. shutdown123

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