The Crusades and Economic Ambitions
While framed as holy wars, the Crusades also had clear material incentives.
- Control of Trade Routes
Control over the Eastern Mediterranean meant dominance over lucrative trade between Europe and Asia.
- Land and Wealth for Nobles and Knights
Many crusaders sought personal enrichment through plunder or land grants in conquered territories.
The Spanish Conquest: Evangelism and Exploitation
Spanish colonization of the Americas exemplifies the dual motives of spreading Christianity and acquiring wealth.
- Missionary Efforts
Catholic missionaries sought to convert indigenous peoples, often accompanying military expeditions.
- Economic Exploitation
The discovery of immense silver deposits, such as at Potosí, transformed Spain into a global power. Indigenous populations were subjected to brutal forced labor in mines and plantations.
The Ottoman Empire: Religious Empire and Economic Power
The Ottoman Empire, at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, combined religious zeal with commercial ambition.
- Jihad and Territorial Expansion
The Ottomans justified conquests as a form of Islamic holy war.
- Control of Trade Routes
By dominating key land and sea routes, the Ottomans controlled critical economic arteries between East and West. shutdown123